Kristina N. Katich

時間：2016-09-18 來源：微水會 作者：城市雨水管理的明天

Kristina N. Katich:城市雨水管理的明天

今年夏天雨水特別多，全國各地普遍降雨量比較大。不論對老城區還是新城市來說，這些雨水都是個挑戰。許多城市因降雨出現內澇，開啟了“看海模式”。這背后，有許多悲慘而無奈的故事。城市雨水管理逐步成為了一個關系到人民群眾生命財產安全的重大問題，也逐步成為大家關注的熱點。鑒于此，水世界-中國城鎮水網采訪了亞洲開發銀行東亞區域開發部城市發展專家Kristina N. Katich，希望能找到大家關注的問題的答案。

Kristina N. Katich的專業研究領域是氣候適應性城市。去年在珠海舉辦的 “第十屆中國城鎮水務發展國際研討會與新技術設備博覽會”上，她曾做了題為《推進中國城市雨水管理》的發言。今天，她將以國際視角，通過成功的案例，從政策、技術、前景等方面分析探討雨水管理的未來。

(左一：Kristina N. Katich）

水世界-中國城鎮水網：您從何時開始城市雨水管理研究的？在您的職業生涯中，有沒有遇到過讓您印象深刻的事？可否和我們分享您的故事？

Kristina N. Katich: 有趣的是，我工作在城市雨水管理領域是因為我對整體規劃與社會公平感興趣。起初，我學習建筑，因為我感覺建筑有其內在的社會和實用價值——創造美麗、有用、安全的空間。隨著職業的發展，我轉向了城鎮環境規劃與管理，也就開始了災難管理與城市雨水管理。對我個人來講，我不太喜歡防洪的硬派工程；渠化、涵洞、堤壩會破壞維護城鎮環境的自然進程。這些技術把洪水的風險轉移到了抵御洪水能力更差的下游社區，卻把大量快速流動的洪水涌向那里。相反，我更喜歡盡可能多的采用軟工程的辦法，因為基于環境和景觀的洪水管理可以在很多方面極大的有益于城市。盡管我總是喜歡基于自然的方案，我對 “日光”的辦法，即打開20世紀七八十年代鋪設、下挖的水道，以形成自然的城鎮水道很感興趣。我的研究生論文研究的是氣候適應性城市，我研究了首爾的昌溪川項目。除了輔助城市雨水管理，這個項目通過建立公園，使城市更具活力。盡管開始當地居民反對，這個項目不僅大大的改善了生活環境，也提高了當地的土地價值。該項目已獲得國際認可，并被認定為最佳范例廣泛在美國等國家采用。

來源: http://inhabitat.com/how-the-cheonggyecheon-river-urban-design-restored-the-green-heart-of-seoul/

(這個網站還有更多的照片)

水世界-中國城鎮水網：在您看來，城市雨水管理的最終目標是什么？為了達到這一目標，需要哪些方面共同努力？

Kristina N. Katich:城市雨水管理的最終目標是確保所有的居民——富人、窮人、年輕人、老年人——每個人都有一個安全的環境。城市開發尊重環境并與自然環境共生很重要。亞洲的很多快速開發的城市忽略了低劣規劃的基礎設施對自然環境的影響，隨著時間的推移，這些影響將挑戰城市的可持續發展。鋪裝路面、管道化城市河流意味著城區吸收的雨水越來越少。正如我之前談到的，這增加了下游洪水泛濫的風險，同時也危及城市水供給，通過地面沉降破壞建筑物的基礎；世界上的城市，例如墨西哥城、雅加達、北京，因為鋪裝路面阻止了含水層的回水，正在慢慢的下沉。

有許多案例，低劣規劃的城鎮化以及城市雨水管理給無法承受洪水的物理、經濟影響的貧窮地區造成不必要的負擔。例如，洪水泛濫地區或邊緣地區的土地、建筑成本可能更低，導致窮人聚集在這些地區。洪水來臨的時候，他們不僅可能失去家園、財產，他們的安全都將會有危險。

城鎮雨水管理有三大障礙。一是洪水并不認行政區的邊界，上游活動極大的影響著下游的社區。這將導致城市間協作以及城鎮開發、雨水管理的基礎設施和實踐的管理變得困難。另外，這也導致行政層面的雨水管理融資變得困難。

第二，同一個城市內，政府機構間的協作通常很差。許多政府機構的行為——包括環境保護、應急管理、固體廢物管理、交通、城市開發等等——將會影響城市的抗洪能力。政府機構間通常有不清晰、重疊的職責，缺乏理解和信息共享。

最后，不是每天可見的問題，政客們也沒有興趣去改進。除非一個城市近期經歷了洪水，城市雨水管理通常在政府的日程中處于較低的優先級——尤其是在官員變更頻繁的國家和城市。許多政府愿意構建居民一年365天可見的基礎設施；雨水管理設施大都在地下，而且施工對居民交通和日常生活也有影響。除非有大量降雨或者河水泛濫，雨水管理設施的投資會被忽視或者被低估。城市雨水管理需要協作、資金、綜合規劃、以及構建安全、環境友好的城鎮環境的遠見。

水世界-中國城鎮水網：城市建設對雨水自然循環有哪些影響？如何實現人和自然的和諧管理？

Kristina N. Katich:城鎮建設的形式和速度對雨水自然循環有巨大的影響。在中國，城鎮規劃通常沒有包含足夠多的雨水管理規范。許多城市開發較快，有向外擴張而不是增加密度的趨勢。城市開發增加了不透水路面，減少了儲存區，從而增加了城市地區的徑流。

為服務原有地區設計的排水系統無法承受從新鋪裝地區聚集的多余雨水。上游地區新增的雨水充滿了下游現有的管道，導致雨水無處可去。

隨著城市的擴張，原來農村或城市周邊的河流變成了市內河流。這樣，由于淤積、城市廢物管理較差導致的垃圾，以及新建筑、高架、橋梁的占用，這些河流的排水量和蓄水能力會降低。高強度的土地開發，改變了周圍的自然地形地貌，改變了河流系統、河漫灘、湖泊的自然流動。

這就是海綿城市的概念在中國如此重要的原因之一。海綿城市試點將展示投資基于生態設計的雨水管理應該應用于中國所有的城市。西方知名的“綠色設施”、“低影響開發(LID)”，基本原則是減少人工系統，如排水管道、泵站的開發和建設，對自然和生態系統的影響。低影響開發旨在通過儲存，滲透，蒸發，保留，減少地表徑流，模擬自然生態環境，以增加地下水補給。通過去中心化、小范圍源頭控制機制和相關技術，減少由暴雨導致的徑流。目的是盡可能多的維護開發前的自然環境和水生態循環。

水世界-中國城鎮水網：在城市雨水管理領域，世界上有哪些城市做的比較好，有哪些經驗可以學習和借鑒？

Kristina N. Katich:我最近剛從荷蘭回來，荷蘭的水管理經驗給我留下了深刻的印象。眾所周知，荷蘭通過堤壩、堤岸的使用，開墾大片土地，以及傳統荷蘭風車的使用，在管理他們的國家與海洋的關系方面有著悠久的歷史。不那么廣為人知的是，這個國家本質上是默茲河、萊茵河、斯海爾德河沖積的大三角洲。另外，超過80%的人口住在城市里，有很高的年均降水，城市雨水管理、控制河面高度以防止洪水泛濫極其重要。

雨水管理最有創意的是鹿特丹。位于萊茵河與默茲河的三角洲地帶，鹿特丹采取了積極的總體規劃管理，不僅使他們免于洪水災害，而且免于受到潛在的氣候變化的影響。通常，氣候變化不僅會影響降雨的頻率，而且會影響降雨的密度。氣候變化對本地的影響已經被感知，但是很少有城市有應對潛在影響的意愿和資源。從2013年開始，鹿特丹有了自己的氣候適應策略：找出當地脆弱點，創建用于未來彈性規劃和投資的框架。

意識到傳統的抗洪措施不足以應對未來的風險，鹿特丹開始嘗試其他辦法，收集并疏導雨水以防地區泛洪。鹿特丹的干預從小規�！�—例如支持綠色屋頂、雨水收集的開發——到大規模，例如重新設計現有的堤壩，用作多種用途。

鹿特丹減少洪水風險的創新項目，例如Benthemplein水上廣場，已經贏得眾多國際城市規劃師的認可。集成了公共娛樂空間、溫室、蓄水，Benthemplein水上廣場是世界上第一個大規模的水廣場。有不同座位、活動場所的多層次空間，廣場在降雨量大的時候，成為了水庫。寬闊的排水溝收集雨水，并導向公園的深層盆地。盆地會24小時吸收雨水；超大降雨的時候，吸收的雨水會被抽到附近的水道，從而減輕鹿特丹污水處理系統的負擔。公園包含大量的綠色空間和公共空間，可用于運動和社交活動，給周邊帶來了生機，很受本地學生和居民的歡迎。

總的來說，我認為鹿特丹可以作為中國城市雨水管理學習的一個極佳范例，不僅是因為鹿特丹應對風險的整體氣候適應性規劃，而且是因為它集成了像綠色屋頂這樣小規模嘗試。城市重新吸收的每一滴雨水對當地以及下游的防洪都有影響。

水世界-中國城鎮水網：夏日來臨，雨水增多，中國很多城市下了暴雨，有些地區甚至下了冰雹。暴雨對城市排水系統是一個挑戰。在城市排水防澇方面，有哪些行之有效的應對措施？

Kristina N. Katich:中國最明顯的一大問題是大多數城市只有小型或者管道排水系統。在許多國家，雨水系統通常包括小型系統和大型系統。小型系統用于應對不密集的雨水，設計應對2到10年一遇的暴雨。小型系統通常包括地下管道和溝渠。另一方面，大型系統用于應對嚴重的暴雨，設計應對50到100年一遇的暴雨。大型系統通常包括旁路通道，綠化帶和道路，用來處理超過小型排水系統處理能力的徑流。2012年，亞洲開發銀行和住建部支持的一項中國城市雨水管理研究表明，這是中國城市最薄弱的問題之一(http://www.adb.org/projects/45512-001/main)。這項研究找出了一些優秀城市示例，例如亞洲的吉隆坡，以及一些西方城市。

在吉隆坡，一個“智能通道”被用作多種用途。通道是直徑為12米的三層結構。最底層用于通常降水時的徑流排放。中間層平時用于交通，在暴雨的時候，會關閉交通，改為排水通道；設計應對5年以上一遇的暴雨。在特大暴雨的時候，最上層以及整個通道會關閉交通，完全用于排水。

來源: http://www.tunnelvisions.eu/projects/nieuwe-pagina/

中國已經通過了一系列的法規，將改進并鼓勵城市排水和城市防洪設施的建設，并且引進了海綿城市的概念。

水世界-中國城鎮水網：最近在雨水管理方面，是否出現了新的材料、設備、最新科技產品，能夠大大提升雨水管理的效率？

Kristina N. Katich:雨水管理最明顯的技術更新可以從透水路面的演變看出來。過去的幾年，這一領域有了突飛猛進的進展。過去，透水路面意味著鋪石頭或路磚的時候，留有空隙，讓水可以滲入。這種辦法在小范圍內有效�，F在，許多透水路面更復雜，有多層，不僅吸收水，而且過濾，導向附近的沼澤或者水道，因此減少了排水和污水處理的負擔。透水路面種類和復雜程度不同，給開發人員和管理者在預算范圍內，滿足設計要求的更多的選擇。透水路面可以減少徑流，防止水體淤積，控制污染物，同時可以和鋪裝地區的樹木共存。

水世界-中國城鎮水網：最后，請問您對有志于從事雨水管理領域的人員有哪些建議？或者您有哪些話想對中國讀者說？

Kristina N. Katich:對任何有志于從事雨水管理，以及中國的讀者，我鼓勵他們在低影響開發以及基于自然的城市排水解決方案方面學習。氣候變化將會導致更頻繁更密集的降雨，將會超過亞洲城市現有的已疲于應對的降雨量。哪怕城市沒有采取有效的措施，個人依然有能力通過參與雨水收集、綠色屋頂、低仰角綠化帶貢獻自己的力量。最終，多個個體的貢獻將會在城市防洪中發揮重大作用。

我們感謝Kristina N. Katich和我們分享雨水管理領域的經驗和看法，首爾的昌溪川項目、鹿特丹的Benthemplein水上廣場、吉隆坡的“智能通道”，都給我們留下了深刻的印象。先進的透水路面設計，正印證著“科學技術是第一生產力”，改變著城市雨水管理與規劃的未來。先進的理念，先進的技術，加上我們無數雨水管理領域內孜孜以求的工作者，相信我們的雨水管理會做得更好，相信我們的城市會更好。

附：Kristina N. Katich《推進中國城市雨水管理》發言PPT:

http://www.zhangyanji.com/rdzt/huiyizhuanti/10thshuihui/information/95011.shtml

Interview Outline

Kristina N. Katich

Urban Development Specialist,

East Asia Regional Department (EARD)

Asian Development Bank

Field of Study: Climate adaptation and cities

(1st left：Kristina N. Katich）

1. When did you start your study in urban storm water management? There might be something or some technology that impressed you very much in your career, could you share your story with us?

Interestingly, I came to work on urban storm water management out of an interest in holistic planning and social equity. Initially, I trained as an architect, as I felt that architecture had inherent social and utilitarian values – the function to create beautiful, functional, and safe spaces. As my career developed, I moved on to urban and environmental planning and management, which ultimately led the issues of disaster risk and urban storm water management. Personally, I am less of a fan of hard engineering approaches to prevent flooding; channelization, culverts, and dams tend to disrupt the natural processes which are required to maintain the urban environment. These techniques pass the flooding risks to downstream communities which may have even less capacity to absorb and cope with large amounts of fast-moving water. Rather, I prefer to use soft-engineering approaches as often as possible, as environmental and landscape-based flood management can greatly benefit cities in a variety of ways. While I have always preferred nature-based solutions, I was particularly impressed with the practice of, “daylighting,” or the opening up of natural urban waterways which were previously paved over or culverted during the 1970s and 1980s. My graduate school thesis focused on climate adaptation in cities, and through this, I learned of the Cheong Gye Cheon Project in Seoul. In addition to helping manage urban storm water, the project also revitalized the heart of the city through the creation of a public park. Despite initial resistance from area residents, the project has greatly improved not only their living environment but also increased local land-values. The project has gained international recognition and is considered a best-practice which is now being adopted in other countries, such as the United States.

Source: http://inhabitat.com/how-the-cheonggyecheon-river-urban-design-restored-the-green-heart-of-seoul/

(many additional photos available on this website)

2. In your point of view, what’s the finalpurpose of urban storm water management? In order to accomplish this, what parties should be involved and what effort should be devoted?

The final purpose of urban storm water management is to ensure a safe and secure urban environment for all residents – rich, poor, young, old – everyone. It is important that urban development respects and considers its symbiosis with the natural environment. Rapid urban development in many Asian cities has neglected the impact that poorly planned infrastructure has had on the natural environment, and overtime, this neglect is challenging the sustainability of cities. The paving of roads and culverting of urban rivers means that less and less rain water can be reabsorbed in urban areas. As I mentioned before, this increases flood risks downstream, but also threatens the urban water supply and undermines the foundations of buildings through land subsidence;cities around the world, such as Mexico City, Jakarta, and Beijing, are slowly sinking because paved roads prevent water from recharging urban aquifers.

In many cases, poorly planned urbanization and stormwater management practices create an unnecessary burden of poorer communities which cannot absorb the possible physical and economic impacts of floods. For example, land and construction prices may be cheaper in flood- or land slide-prone areas, leading them to live in these areas. In the case of flooding, not only could they lose their home and belongings, but their safety and livelihood could be at risk.

There are three huge obstacles to urban storm water management. One is that flooding does not recognize municipal boundaries, and upstream activities hugely affect downstream communities. This can make it difficult for cities to coordinate with each other and other levels of government on urban development and storm water management infrastructure and practices. Additionally, this can make financing storm water management investments very difficult at the municipal level. Secondly, even within cities, there is often poor coordination between government agencies. The individual activities of many agencies – including environmental protection, emergency management, solid waste management, transport, urban development, and others – can affect a city’s ability cope with flood risk. There are often unclear and overlapping responsibilities as well as a lack of understanding and information sharing between agencies. Finally, there is a lack of political will to improve a problem which isn’t visible every day. Unless a city has recently experienced significant urban floods, urban storm water management is usually low on a government’s agenda – particularly in countries or cities with short political cycles. Many governments prefer to build infrastructure that is visible to its citizens 365 days a year; urban storm water infrastructure is largely underground and its construction can be problematic for traffic and other daily activities of city residents. Unless there is a large rainfall or river flooding event, the investment in hard urban storm water infrastructure will go unnoticed and unappreciated. Urban storm water management requires coordination, financing, comprehensive planning, and a vision at creating a safe and environmentally-friendly urban environment.

3. How can urban construction affect natural cycling of storm water? How to accomplish harmonious management between people and nature?

The type and speed of urban construction can have a huge effect on the natural cycling of storm water. In the People’s Republic of China (PRC), urban planning has frequently not included sufficient storm water provisions. Many cities have developed quickly, with a tendency to expand outward rather than by increasing density. City development increases impervious pavement and decreases storage areas, resulting in increased runoff in urban areas.

Drainage systems that were designed to meet the needs of the original service areas are unable to carry extra storm water runoff from newly paved areas in the catchment area. The increase of storm water from the newly developed areas in upstream areas overloads the existing pipelines downstream, leaving storm water with no place to go.

As cities expand outward, rivers that used to be in rural or peri-urban areas become urban rivers. With this, the water-carrying and storage capacity of these rivers decreases due to siltation and possibly garbage if the city has poor solid waste management, as well as the encroachment of development, namely buildings, highways, and bridges. High intensity land development changes the surrounding natural terrain and topography, and alters the natural flows of river systems, floodplains, and lakes.

This is one reason that the Sponge City concept that is being pursued in the PRC is so important. The Sponge City pilots will hopefully demonstrate that investment in ecologically-designed storm water management practices should be used in all Chinese cities. Known as “Green Infrastructure” or “Low Impact Development” (LID) in Western countries, the basic principle is to minimize the impacts on natural and ecological systems caused the development and construction of artificial systems, such as drainage channels and pumping stations. LID aims to simulate natural ecological conditions through the storage, infiltration, evaporation, retention, and reduction of surface runoff, thereby increasing groundwater replenishment. LID minimizes runoff and nonpoint source pollution (NPS) caused by rainstorms by using decentralized and small-scale source control mechanisms and appropriate technologies. The objective is to maintain, as much as possible, the pre-development conditions of the natural environment and hydrological cycle.

4. In the field of urban storm water management, are there any cities that have made great progress?Are there any useful experiences that we could learn from?

I recently returned from a trip to the Netherlands and I was very impressed by the Dutch experiences in water management. It is well known that the Netherlands has a long history in managing the relationship that their country has with the sea, reclaiming large areas of land through the use of dikes, levees, and the traditional Dutch windmills. What is less widely known is that the country is essentially a large delta for the rivers Meuse, Rhine, and Scheldt. Additionally, over 80% of the population is urban and the country has a high average yearly rainfall rate, making it very important for Dutch cities to manage storm water and river levels to prevent flooding.

Of the cities with the most aspirational approach to their storm water management is Rotterdam. Located in the delta of the Rhine and Meuse Rivers, Rotterdam has taken a very active and holistic approach to managing their vulnerabilities to not only flooding by also the potential climate change impacts. Under most models, climate change will affect not only the frequency, but also the intensity of rainfall events. The impacts of climate change on local weather patterns are already being felt, but few cities have had the political will and resources to plan for the potential impacts. Since 2013, Rotterdam has had its own climate adaptation strategy which required the identification of local vulnerabilities and created a framework for future resilience planning and investments.

Recognizing that the city’s traditional flood defenses as being inadequate for future risks, the city began to access other ways to collect and channel storm water to prevent localized flooding. The interventions in Rotterdam range from small scale – such as supporting the development and planting of green roofs and rainwater harvesting– to large scale, such as the redesigning of their existing dikes to allow for multipurpose uses.

Innovative projects related to reducing flood risks in Rotterdam, such as the Benthemplein water plaza, have gained global recognition among urban planners. Integrating public recreational space, greenery, and water storage, Benthemplein water plaza was the world’s first large-scale water square. A multi-level space with different seating and activity areas, the plaza becomes a water reservoir during heavy rains. Wide gutters collect rain water and funnel it towards the deeper basins of the park for collection. The basins allow for the rainwater to be reabsorbed into the ground over a 24-hour period; in cases of extreme rain events, the water is drained to a nearby water way, thereby reducing the load on Rotterdam’s sewage system.The park with its substantial greenspaces and public spaces for sports and socializing has revitalized the area around it and become popular with local students and residents.

Overall, I think that Rotterdam serves at an excellent example of storm water management for cities in the PRC, not only for their holistic climate-aware approach to risk, but also for the integration of small scale efforts such as green roofs. Every drop of water that is reabsorbed in the city can have an impact on local and downstream flood prevention.

5. When summer comes, the rain increases. Recently, it rained heavily in several cities in China, even hail in some district. The torrent rain is a challenge to the drainage system.Are there any effective strategies in drainage and flood prevention?

One of the significant problems in the PRC is that most cities have only minor, or pipeline drainage systems. In many countries, stormwater systems are typically comprised of both minor and major systems. The minor systems are designed to discharge less intensive rainstorms with a design return period of two to ten years. The minor systems commonly consist of underground pipes and ditches. On the other hand, major systems are designed for severe rainstorms with a design return period of 50 to 100 years. Major systems commonly include bypass tunnels, greenbelts, and roads which are used to handle the runoff which exceeds the capacity of the minor drainage system. In 2012, the Asian Development Bank supported a study with the Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development on urban storm water management in the PRC which identified this as being one of the biggest weaknesses of Chinese cities (http://www.adb.org/projects/45512-001/main) . The study identified a number of good examples in Asia such as Kuala Lumpur, and as well as many Western cities.

In Kuala Lumpur, a “Smart Tunnel” was constructed with multiple uses. The tunnel is a three-level structure of 12m diameter. The lower compartment is used for discharging runoff during normal rainstorms. The middle compartment is used for traffic in ordinary times and will be closed and utilized as a drainage tunnel in rainstorm events with a five-year return period and above. The upper deck and the whole tunnel will be fully closed from traffic in case of extreme rainstorms for discharge of stormwater.

Source: http://www.tunnelvisions.eu/projects/nieuwe-pagina/

The PRC has since enforced a number of new regulations which will improve and encourage the construction of urban drainage and urban flood-protection facilities, as well as introducing the sponge-city concept.

6. Recently, are there any new materials, devices, or latest technologies which could improve storm water management dramatically?

Some of the most significant technological advances related to storm water management can be seen in the evolution of permeable pavements. Over the past few years, this field has grown significantly. In the past, permeable pavement signified the placement of stones or pavers with gaps between them to allow water to filter through, which works well on a small scale. Now many permeable pavements are more complex, featuring multiple layers which serve to not only absorb water, but also filter and convey it to swales or other nearby waterways, thereby avoiding the overloading of storm drains and sewers. The variety and complexity of permeable pavements vary, giving developers and governments more options to find options within their budget to fit their design requirements. Permeable paving has been shown to reduce run-off, prevent siltation in water bodies, control pollutants, and allow the root systems of urban trees to coexist thrive within paved areas.

7. Finally, do you have any advice to those who are willing to start their career in storm water management? Or anything you would like to say to the Chinese audience?

For anyone interested in starting a career in storm water management, as well as for the Chinese audience, I would encourage them to educate themselves on the concepts of low impact development and nature-based solutions to urban drainage. Climate change will bring more frequent and potential more intense rainfall, which will surpass the rainfall levels that already cripple Asian cities. Even if cities fail to take action, individuals still have the capacity to do their part by engaging is activities such as rainwater harvesting, green roofs, and low-elevation greenbelts. At the end of the day, many individual actions can make a big difference to prevent urban flooding.